Idealised 3D simulations of diabatically forced Ledoux convection. Application to the atmosphere of hot rocky exoplanets

We investigate the impact on convective numerical simulations of thermo-compositional diabatic processes. focus our study with a stabilizing temperature gradient and destabilizing mean-molecular weight gradient. aim to establish possibility for reduced temperature-gradient in such setups. A suite 3D were conducted using hydrodynamic code. used as simplified test case, sample region secondary atmosphere hot rocky exoplanet within which chemical transition CO+O $\leftrightarrow$ CO$_{2}$ could occur. Newtonian cooling source term was maintain negative mean molecular Our results demonstrate that this setup can reduce gradient, result does not converge away resolution or over time. also show presence is function forcing timescales. The above leads bifurcation profile when fast, reminiscent seen boiling crisis steam/liquid convection. With these idealized setups, there exists an analogy reddening (currently observed spectra brown dwarfs) atmospheres. Detailed 1D modelling needed, order characterize equilibrium thermal compositional gradients, timescales, realistic equation state, assess if regime identified here will develop situations. This cannot, however, be excluded priori. prediction new terrestrial atmospheres represents strong motivation use models analysing atmospheric exoplanets e.g. James Webb Space Telescope.